Diagnosis Archives - Arbutus Speech Therapy https://arbutusspeechtherapy.com/category/blog-posts/diagnosis Speech-Language Pathology Services in Vancouver, BC Tue, 19 May 2026 20:00:34 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.9.4 https://arbutusspeechtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/cropped-Arbutus-Logo-Tree-32x32.jpg Diagnosis Archives - Arbutus Speech Therapy https://arbutusspeechtherapy.com/category/blog-posts/diagnosis 32 32 5 Common Concerns of Parents of Children with Autism https://arbutusspeechtherapy.com/5-common-concerns-of-parents-of-children-with-autism Fri, 15 Sep 2023 18:41:00 +0000 https://arbutusspeechtherapy.com/?p=2517 If your child has recently been identified as Autistic, or if you are waiting for an assessment, it is natural to have questions about what comes next. Here are five concerns we hear most often from families, along with some perspective on how Speech-Language Pathology can help. What concerns do parents of Autistic children most […]

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]]> If your child has recently been identified as Autistic, or if you are waiting for an assessment, it is natural to have questions about what comes next. Here are five concerns we hear most often from families, along with some perspective on how Speech-Language Pathology can help.

What concerns do parents of Autistic children most often have?

Communication, social skills, education, behaviour, and sensory sensitivity are the five areas families ask about most. Speech-Language Pathologists can provide meaningful support in every one of them, and connecting with an SLP early often makes a real difference.

5 Common Concerns — and How an SLP Can Help

1

Communication

SLPs support verbal and non-verbal communication, including AAC devices and sign language.

2

Social Skills

SLPs build on your child’s unique way of connecting, supporting meaningful interactions on their own terms.

3

Education

SLPs collaborate with schools and can provide RASP-funded support for Autistic children aged 0 to 6 in BC.

4

Behaviour

Many behavioural challenges are communication challenges. SLPs help your child express needs more effectively.

5

Sensory

SLPs use sensory-informed strategies to support communication in real-world, everyday settings.

Arbutus Speech Therapy  ·  arbutusspeechtherapy.com

1. Communication skills

Concern: My child is not speaking. Will they ever be able to communicate with us?

Our perspective: For some Autistic children, speech and language skills develop later, at a different pace, or in a different order than expected. This can be hard for parents who are watching for typical milestones, or who feel unsure how to respond when their child communicates without words.

What many families discover is that their child is communicating, through vocalizations, gestures, actions, or repeated phrases from a favourite show. A speech therapist helps you recognize and respond to these communication attempts while building toward new skills.

When verbal speech is not the primary channel, your speech therapist may support your child in learning an alternative form of communication, such as sign language, visual supports, or an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device.

2. Social skills and friendships

Concern: My child does not like to play with others. I am worried about their ability to make and maintain friendships.

Our perspective: Autistic children often experience social communication differently, not deficiently. This difference may be subtle and hard to see, or it may be more obvious. What matters is that Autistic children have the same right to connection and belonging as any other child, and that their preferences and communication style are respected along the way.

A speech therapist works alongside your child, building on their unique way of engaging with the world rather than pushing them toward a single social standard. The goal is richer, more meaningful interactions on their own terms.

Having concerns about your child’s development is completely normal, and you are not alone. With the right support, many Autistic children make meaningful gains in communication and connection. Building a team of evidence-informed professionals is one of the best ways to help your child thrive.

3. Education and learning

Concern: My child may need special education services or accommodations in order to succeed in school.

Our perspective: Supporting your child’s learning is a team effort, and SLPs are an important part of that team. We can collaborate directly with your child’s school to help design and implement strategies that support communication, language, and social participation in the classroom. For Autistic children aged 0 to 6 in BC, the RASP (Registered Autism Service Provider) program can help fund professional speech therapy support. Arbutus Speech Therapy is a RASP-designated provider.

Every child learns differently, and the goal is always to create conditions where your child can participate and reach their potential. Learn more about our autism speech therapy services in Vancouver.

4. Behavioural challenges

Concern: Behavioural challenges, such as meltdowns or difficulty with transitions, are a common concern for parents of Autistic children.

Our perspective: Behavioural challenges often have communication at their root. When a child does not yet have the words or tools to express what they need, frustration can build and show up as distress or difficult behaviour. A speech therapist can help you and your child identify what is driving these moments and build more effective ways to communicate and self-regulate.

We work closely with families to provide practical strategies that can be used at home, at school, and in the community, so that positive changes carry across all the places your child spends time.

5. Sensory sensitivities

Concern: My child is very sensitive to loud sounds, bright lights, or certain textures. How can I help them manage this?

Our perspective: Sensory processing differences are common among Autistic children and can significantly affect daily life. While SLPs focus primarily on communication, sensory sensitivities and communication are closely linked. When a child is overwhelmed by their environment, it is much harder to engage, listen, or speak. SLPs can incorporate sensory-informed strategies into therapy sessions and help your child develop approaches that support communication in real-world settings.

For deeper sensory support, your SLP may also refer you to an Occupational Therapist, who specializes in sensory integration. A coordinated team approach often produces the best outcomes.

A note to parents

Having concerns about your child’s development is completely natural, and seeking information is a strong first step. Every Autistic child is different, and so is every family’s journey. A Speech-Language Pathologist will take the time to understand your child’s specific strengths, challenges, and goals, and will work with you to build a plan that makes sense for your family.

If you are not sure where to begin, our 4 Steps to Autism Diagnosis, Funding, and Treatment in BC guide is a helpful place to start.

Ready to talk to an SLP?

Our team works with Autistic children across Vancouver, Burnaby, Richmond, and throughout BC online. A free phone consultation is a low-pressure first step.

Book a free phone consultation

Check out our other articles:

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]]> What is AAC? A Guide to Augmentative and Alternative Communication https://arbutusspeechtherapy.com/what-is-aac-a-guide-to-augmentative-and-alternative-communication Sun, 06 Feb 2022 23:31:42 +0000 https://arbutusspeechtherapy.com/?p=2307 Do you have a family member who is unable to communicate their needs verbally? If so, you may have come across the term AAC, short for Augmentative and Alternative Communication. AAC is a broad category of systems and strategies that supplement or replace spoken language. In this guide, we address the most common questions families […]

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]]> Do you have a family member who is unable to communicate their needs verbally? If so, you may have come across the term AAC, short for Augmentative and Alternative Communication. AAC is a broad category of systems and strategies that supplement or replace spoken language. In this guide, we address the most common questions families have about AAC:

What is AAC?

AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication) refers to any method of communicating that doesn’t rely solely on spoken words. This includes everything from picture boards and communication books to tablet-based apps and specialized speech-generating devices. A Speech-Language Pathologist can assess which approach is the right fit for your family member.

  • What exactly is AAC, and who is it for?
  • How does an SLP help identify children who might need AAC, and what does an assessment look like?
  • Where can I get an AAC device or application?
  • What kind of funding is available in BC for people looking to buy one?

What is AAC?

AAC, or Augmentative and Alternative Communication, refers to ways of communicating that do not rely on spoken or sign language. “Augmentative” means supplementing speech that is already present; “alternative” means replacing speech altogether. AAC helps people who can’t communicate verbally to express themselves using symbols to convey meaning, including objects, real-life images (people, places, things), symbolic images, and words.

AAC often involves technology, but not always. In fact, some situations call for low-tech approaches. AAC is about improving a person’s ability to communicate their needs and desires, whatever form that takes.

Who can benefit from AAC?

Children may benefit from AAC for a variety of reasons. Some have been diagnosed with conditions such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), cerebral palsy, or a developmental delay. Others may have experienced a brain injury that has affected their ability to produce speech sounds. AAC can support children at all stages, from those who are just beginning to develop communication skills to those who use some spoken language but need additional support.

Who can benefit from AAC?

  • Children with autism, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, or a developmental delay
  • Children who are not yet speaking, or whose speech is difficult for others to understand
  • Autistic adults who want additional or more reliable ways to communicate
  • Adults who have lost speech due to ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease), stroke, or other neurological conditions
  • Anyone whose speech alone is not meeting their everyday communication needs

An SLP can assess whether AAC is a good fit and which approach makes the most sense for your situation.

AAC can help adults too. Someone who has lost the ability to speak due to ALS or a stroke may benefit from an AAC device, since it provides a reliable alternative beyond writing. Autistic adults can also benefit from AAC strategies, particularly when spoken communication is unreliable or requires significant effort.

What does AAC look like?

AAC comes in many forms, and not all of them require technology. Strategies include manual signs, picture symbols, gestures, and physical objects. Examples of low-tech AAC systems that don’t need to be plugged in include photo albums, communication books or binders, physical objects, buttons, and wooden or plastic boards.

For more advanced users, technology opens up a wider range of options. Common high-tech AAC systems include communication apps available on computers, tablets, or iPads. Read the next section for more information about popular communication apps.

For early or emergent communicators (children who are just beginning to develop communication skills), AAC systems may include yes/no response systems, object choices, paper-based communication boards with pictures, and voice-output devices that speak aloud when a picture or message is selected.

While technology offers powerful options, it’s a good idea to have a paper-based communication system as a backup for days when the tablet is forgotten, out of charge, or damaged.

An AAC device should be as available to its user as possible. Without their device, they are essentially without their voice. Many systems, including paper-based, book-bound, tablet/iPad, or purpose-built AAC devices, are convenient and portable.

Physical ability and general mobility are also factors in determining which AAC device to use. Depending on the individual’s needs, an AAC system may be secured to a wheelchair. An occupational therapist is often involved in fitting such devices.

Common Communication Apps

A communication app is software you download onto a device you already own, such as a laptop, tablet, or iPad. Some popular examples include:

Communication apps are made up of pictures and words arranged in a grid. Depending on the user’s needs and abilities, there may be many (up to 80 or more) selectable images, categories, and grammatical markers on each page, or just a few large images. The configuration of the grid and the number of images on each page is part of the recommendations a Speech-Language Pathologist provides.

Screenshot of the TouchChat AAC app showing a grid of picture symbols used for communication
A screenshot from the TouchChat app. AAC apps are highly configurable based on the user’s needs.

Communication apps can cost hundreds of dollars, separate from the device they run on. This is why having an SLP AAC assessment is so important: it means you can be confident in the recommendation before making a purchase.

Speech-Language Pathologist AAC Assessment

An AAC assessment falls under the Speech-Language Pathology profession. Depending on the individual’s diagnosis and needs, assessments can last from 45 minutes to several hours.

A Speech-Language Pathologist begins by looking at the individual’s ability to communicate functionally across all areas of their life. The individual and their family will be asked to provide information that helps determine whether an AAC device is a good fit.

Just because your family member can communicate verbally doesn’t mean AAC isn’t worth exploring. Many AAC users already have some spoken language, use sign, or have developed their own ways to communicate. AAC may enhance their ability to have their thoughts and desires understood more reliably.

An SLP’s AAC assessment considers many factors, including upper body mobility, eyesight, literacy, cognitive abilities, age, and lifestyle.

Based on these factors, a Speech-Language Pathologist will make specific recommendations: whether an AAC device is needed, which type is most appropriate, how and where to obtain it, and how to access any available funding. If you’re based in Vancouver or elsewhere in BC and would like to explore AAC, our team offers free phone consultations as a first step.

Costs and Funding for AAC Devices

There are options for many individuals in BC who need access to AAC. Depending on your situation, your Arbutus speech therapist can help identify what funding options may be available. Our funding guide for BC is also a helpful starting point.

Below is a list of programs and organizations in BC that provide funding for AAC devices:

Communication Assistance for Youth and Adults (CAYA):

CAYA is a province-wide program that supports adults aged 19 and older who require an AAC system due to a severe communication disability, meaning speech that is not functional for daily communication.

Assistive Technology BC

Assistive Technology BC provides assistive technology and related support services to British Columbians with disabilities.

Special Education Branch of the BC Ministry of Education (SET-BC)

SET-BC supports BC students with complex needs to participate more actively in their education. They also offer a range of resources and training for families and educators.

AAC device costs vary widely depending on the type of system. Here is a general overview to help you understand the range of options:

  • Low-tech and simple devices (single or multi-message buttons, such as the AbleNet iTalk4): roughly $30-$400 CAD. A practical starting point for early communicators.
  • App-based solutions (a dedicated AAC app on an iPad or tablet, such as Proloquo2Go or LAMP): $500-$900 CAD total, depending on the tablet and app. A popular and often highly effective option.
  • Mid-range dedicated systems (speech-generating devices with pre-loaded software and purpose-built hardware): $1,000-$5,000 CAD. Designed for heavier daily use.
  • High-end specialized systems (devices with eye-tracking, high-definition screens, and AI-assisted software): can exceed $15,000 CAD. Reserved for complex access needs.

Devices can be rented or purchased from a number of suppliers in BC. An SLP assessment helps ensure you invest in the right level of technology for your family member’s specific needs, rather than purchasing something that may not be the right fit.

Frequently Asked Questions

Not sure if AAC is right for your family?

Our team can help you understand the options and find the right fit. A free phone consultation is a low-pressure first step.

Book a free phone consultation

Resources and Providers of AAC Equipment

Wavefront Centre Communication Devices

Wavefront Centre offers communication devices and assistive technology resources for people with complex communication needs in Vancouver.

​Bridges Canada

Bridges is a national assistive technology company supporting learning, communication, alternative access, and low vision needs across Canada.

​Canadian Assistive Technology

Sells and delivers a wide range of accessibility equipment to help people with disabilities succeed at work and at home.

​National Autism Resources

National Autism Resources provides research-based therapeutic tools for Autistic people across their lifespan.

​Technology and Autism

A resource covering assistive technology for autism, including how various tools may be best used.

WorkBC Assistive Technology Services

WorkBC Assistive Technology Services provides assistive technology to people with disabilities to help them gain employment.

Check out our other articles:

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]]> When to Start Speech Therapy If Your Child Isn’t Talking Yet https://arbutusspeechtherapy.com/when-to-start-speech-therapy-if-your-child-isnt-talking-yet Sat, 25 Sep 2021 23:30:46 +0000 https://arbutusspeechtherapy.com/?p=2045 A child’s first word and first step are expected around their first birthday. However speech and language milestones are not hard rules. The truth is, some children develop faster or slower than others. A Speech Therapist can help you identify where your child is in terms of their developmental milestones. So, when should parents and […]

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]]> A child’s first word and first step are expected around their first birthday. However speech and language milestones are not hard rules. The truth is, some children develop faster or slower than others.

A Speech Therapist can help you identify where your child is in terms of their developmental milestones. So, when should parents and caregivers be concerned that their child is not talking yet? Read on to find out when to contact a Speech-Language Pathologist (and everything else you’re wondering about speech and language in the first two years.)

When should I call an SLP if my child isn’t talking yet?

If your child is not meeting expected language milestones, such as no first word by 15 months or no two-word combinations by 24 months, it is worth speaking with a Speech-Language Pathologist. Early support makes a meaningful difference, and a free consultation is a good first step.

When should I be worried?

As babies grow, they acquire new skills in a predictable sequence and timeline referred to as developmental milestones.

These milestones include physical, social and emotional, cognitive, and language skills. A child’s language milestones include all forms of communication including spoken language, gesture, speech, hearing, and understanding.

Speech and language development follows a general timeline, though every child moves through it at their own pace. Here is a broad overview of what many children are doing at each age:

AgeTypical communication milestones
Birth – 3 monthsStartles to sounds; quiets to a familiar voice; makes different cries for different needs
4 – 6 monthsBabbles (ba, ma, da); turns toward a voice; responds differently to happy and upset tones
7 – 12 monthsResponds to their own name; babbles with varied sounds; waves, points, or uses gestures; first words appearing around 12 months
12 – 18 monthsUses 10–20 words; points to pictures or body parts when named; follows simple one-step instructions
18 – 24 monthsVocabulary growing toward 50 words; beginning to combine two words (“more juice,” “daddy go”); about half of what they say is understood by unfamiliar listeners
2 – 3 yearsUses 200+ words and short sentences; asks simple “what” and “where” questions; about 75% understood by strangers
3 – 4 yearsTells simple stories; asks “why” questions; uses longer sentences; mostly understood by unfamiliar listeners

Did you know that your baby’s adorable sounds are helping them towards saying their first word? Take a look at the speech milestones you can expect leading up to your baby’s first birthday:

Children who aren’t reaching their milestones will not necessarily develop a problem with speech and language delay. There are normal developmental differences, and some children learn new skills faster or slower than others. Even so, Speech & Audiology Canada reports that up to 10% of children in Canada will begin school with a language disorder.

What should I be looking out for?

Parents often have an intuitive idea that their child is behind in their milestones. They may see other children the same age as their own and wonder “hmm my child isn’t at that level yet, is something wrong?” Or a well-meaning family member may ask, “She doesn’t talk a lot, does she?”. Other times, families may be so busy they haven’t had a chance to stop and think about what is normal or not.

Here are some signs of atypical language development that may require intervention:

4-7 months oldNot babbling
7-12 months oldMakes only a few sounds or gestures
7+ months oldDoes not understand what others say
15 months oldNo first word
18 months oldNo consistent words
18-24 months oldWords are not easily understood
24 months oldNot putting 2 words together “mommy milk”
2-3 years oldHas trouble playing and talking with other children
2.5-3 years oldHas trouble with early reading and writing skills

Signs it may be time to call an SLP

  • No first word by 15 months
  • No consistent words by 18 months
  • Not combining two words by 24 months (such as “mommy milk” or “more go”)
  • Speech not easily understood by family members by 18–24 months
  • Not responding to their name or to sounds
  • A sudden loss of words or sounds at any age

A free phone consultation with one of our Speech-Language Pathologists is a low-pressure first step.

Other signs to discuss with an SLP

  • Not responding to their own name
  • Not responding to loud noises
  • Excessive drooling
  • Problems sucking, chewing, or swallowing
  • Sudden loss of speech and/or language skills
  • Stuttering

“They’ll grow out of it” and other common misconceptions

It can be difficult for a parent to know if their child is a “late bloomer” or if they have a speech or language delay. Unfortunately, there are many misconceptions that make it more difficult for parents to make an informed judgement on whether to seek help. Here are some of the common myths around speech and language development:

Myth #1: “Bilingual children are prone to having speech and language delays.“

Reality: There is no evidence that suggests that speaking more than one language causes a speech or language delay. There may be an initial silent period and smaller vocabulary in each language. But, when considered together, bilingual children have equal or larger vocabularies than monolingual children – with cognitive benefits later in life!

Myth #2: “Boys speak later than girls.“

Reality: A child’s gender should not be the reason that a speech-language assessment is postponed. Studies show that girls do develop language skills faster than boys, however not to the extent that it makes a significant difference to long term outcomes. That said, boys are 4 times more likely to have Autism than girls, and two-thirds of Autistic children have associated language disorders. However, other factors such as parents’ level of education and involvement in children’s learning are much stronger predictors of early language abilities than sex or biology.

Myth #3: “They’ll grow out of it. “

Reality: A child’s speech and language will develop at different rates, but this advice can provide a false sense of comfort. Normal speech and language development can be assessed by a Speech-Language Pathologist in a few short sessions. This will provide you with conclusive information about your child’s development. Unfortunately, when left untreated, speech and language delays persist in 40-60% of kids.

“It can be difficult for a parent to know if their child is a “late bloomer” or if they have a speech or language delay.”

Arbutus Speech Therapy

What causes speech and language delay?

The most common reason that a child is delayed in their language is due to a developmental language disorder (DLD). This is the term used to identify children who have language problems that create obstacles to communication or learning in everyday life. Children with a DLD have difficulties that will not resolve on their own and are not associated with a known condition.

Other causes of speech and language delays are:

  • Hearing loss
  • Language deprivation
  • Premature birth
  • Neurological conditions such as cerebral palsy or traumatic brain injury
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
  • Oral-motor disorders (Childhood Apraxia of Speech)
  • Selective mutism

First steps if you think your child might have a speech or language delay

Your first call should be to your family doctor or pediatrician, who may then make a referral to your local public health unit for a comprehensive assessment. This is provided by the public health system, which means it is free of charge.

If Autism is suspected, they will refer you to either a developmental pediatrician for further assessment or directly to BC Autism Assessment Network (BCAAN) for a free Autism Assessment.

Unfortunately, in both cases, public health waiting lists can be long, sometimes a year or more. To learn more about the process of receiving a diagnosis in BC, you can review our guide to receiving an Autism (ASD) Diagnosis. For more detail on how to access publicly funded speech therapy for children ages 0–5 in BC, see our guide to accessing public health speech therapy services in BC.

I don’t want to wait a year for my child to see a specialist – what are my options?

You have been in contact with public health and have secured a spot on the wait list, only to find out you might be waiting more than a year to receive an assessment. There are private practitioners in your community who will have much shorter waiting lists, or possibly no waiting lists at all. If you are in Vancouver or the Lower Mainland, our Speech-Language Pathology services for children include assessment and therapy with no referral needed. Here are some links you can use to find private healthcare professionals in your community:

Arbutus Speech Therapy is here to help

The process of working through your child’s possible speech and language problems can be complicated. With so much information, it can be hard to know where to begin.

Speaking directly to a Speech-Language Pathologist can shortcut your path to getting your child the help they need to reach their potential. We are here for you and can help connect you to the resources, information and professionals that will help. Contact Arbutus Speech Therapy today or Book Online for a free phone consultation with a registered Speech-Language Pathologist.

Frequently Asked Questions

Visual reference guides

Early childhood speech and language milestones from birth to 4 years
Early childhood milestones — tap to enlarge
Infographic showing the difference between speech and language development in children
Speech vs. language — tap to enlarge

Not sure if your child needs support?

A free phone consultation with one of our registered Speech-Language Pathologists is a low-pressure first step. We serve families in Vancouver, the Lower Mainland, and across BC via teletherapy.

Book a free phone consultation

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]]> Speech Therapy for Dyslexia and other Language-Based Learning Difficulties https://arbutusspeechtherapy.com/speech-therapy-for-dyslexia-and-other-language-based-learning-difficulties Sat, 03 Jul 2021 01:01:52 +0000 https://arbutusspeechtherapy.com/?p=1912 Are you worried that your child has problems with reading, writing, and spelling? If so, you might find this information about language-based learning difficulties (LLDs) useful. The most widely-known LLD is Dyslexia, which is when one has difficulty with reading. Unlike other learning disabilities, LLDs are not caused by problems with vision, hearing, or an […]

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]]> Are you worried that your child has problems with reading, writing, and spelling? If so, you might find this information about language-based learning difficulties (LLDs) useful. The most widely-known LLD is Dyslexia, which is when one has difficulty with reading. Unlike other learning disabilities, LLDs are not caused by problems with vision, hearing, or an intellectual disability. In fact, children with LLDs are often of average or above-average intelligence.

Dyslexia is a language-based learning difference that affects a person’s ability to accurately and fluently recognize words. It is characterized by poor spelling and difficulty reading, and it often runs in families. Dyslexia exists on a spectrum, ranging from mild challenges to more significant difficulties.

What is dyslexia?

Dyslexia is a learning difference that affects reading, spelling, and writing; it is not a sign of low intelligence. Speech-Language Pathologists are trained to assess the underlying language skills that support literacy, and early support can make a meaningful difference for children who are struggling.

How is dyslexia different from a speech or language challenge?

Many parents wonder whether reading struggles point to a speech issue, a language delay, or something else. Dyslexia is primarily a literacy-based learning difference. It affects how the brain processes written language: reading, spelling, and decoding new words. Many children with dyslexia speak clearly and have strong verbal skills; the challenge shows up with print.

Reading is built on the same language foundations that Speech-Language Pathologists work with every day, especially phonological awareness (the ability to hear and break apart the sounds in words). This connection means SLPs are well-placed to assess and support children with dyslexia and other language-based learning difficulties. If you are unsure whether your child’s struggles point to a speech concern, a language delay, or a learning difference, an SLP assessment can help clarify next steps.

Literacy indicators for children with Dyslexia

At each age, there are literacy indicators to look out for. A formal diagnosis of dyslexia is given by a registered psychologist or psychoeducational consultant; however, a speech therapist can assess related language and literacy skills, flag areas of concern, and provide a referral for a formal evaluation. If there is any concern about any of these difficulties, it generally does not hurt to get a professional opinion.

Indicators of dyslexia in children including preschool, kindergarten, and grade 3 signs.

Preschoolers

  • May not be interested in books or any print-based toys
  • May avoid nursery rhymes, songs, or word games
  • Difficulty rhyming
  • May use short sentences and a small vocabulary

Kindergarten to Grade 2

  • Inconsistent memory for words
  • Poor retrieval of names of colours, objects, days of the week, and other list items
  • Spelling is very difficult due to continued lack of phonological awareness
  • Frustration and avoidance techniques may be noticeable

Grades 3 to 6

  • May reverse letter sequences
  • Problems with decoding – requires context and/or will guess to decode words
  • Poor spelling
  • Dislike and avoidance of reading and writing
  • Poor punctuation and capitalization
  • Difficulty with cursive writing

Since LLDs affect a child’s ability to learn language-based skills, they are often not detected until a child enters the intermediate grades (around age 8). This is around the time when students make the shift from ‘learning to read’ to ‘reading to learn’. You or your child’s teacher may notice that your child is struggling to keep up with their peers at this time. Common difficulties include decoding (sounding out words when reading or spelling), listening comprehension, and expressing thoughts using spoken word.

The following breakdown from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association provides information on literacy milestones that you would expect for a student in Grade 3:

Reading

  • Understand phonics, or how sounds and words go together
  • Use word analysis skills, including root words, prefixes, and suffixes
  • Use clues from a story to help understand what they read
  • Predict and explain what will happen next in stories, and compare stories to tell how they are different
  • Ask and answer questions about what they read
  • Use what they know to learn about new topics
  • Read grade-level books with few mistakes
  • Reread and correct errors

Writing

  • Plan, organize, revise, and edit
  • Write stories, letters, and short reports
  • Use details in writing
  • Spell simple words correctly
  • Correct most spelling without help
  • Use a dictionary to correct spelling

How an SLP helps with literacy

Speech-Language Pathologists are trained in both spoken and written language. When a child struggles with reading, spelling, or writing, an SLP assessment looks at the building blocks that support literacy: phonological awareness, vocabulary, verbal working memory, and the ability to connect sounds with letters.

At Arbutus Speech Therapy, our speech-language pathologists work with children to:

  • Build phonological awareness, the foundation of reading and spelling
  • Strengthen word decoding skills for reading unfamiliar words
  • Improve spelling through structured, evidence-based approaches
  • Develop vocabulary and verbal reasoning to support reading comprehension
  • Collaborate with school teams to support learning across environments

Sessions take place in your child’s natural setting: at home, at school, or in the community, so support is built into daily learning rather than added on separately.

An SLP does not diagnose dyslexia; that requires a formal psychoeducational assessment. However, an SLP can identify language and literacy areas of concern, provide direct support, and connect you with the right professionals for a full evaluation. Learn more about our children’s speech therapy services to see what an assessment might involve.

A child working with a Speech-Language Pathologist at Arbutus Speech Therapy in Vancouver

Frequently Asked Questions

More Resources on Literacy

Ready to take the next step?

If your child is showing signs of reading or learning difficulties, a free phone consultation is a low-pressure way to get some clarity and explore next steps.

Book a free phone consultation

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]]> 4 Steps to Autism (ASD) Diagnosis, Funding, and Treatment in BC (Updated 2026) https://arbutusspeechtherapy.com/4-steps-to-autism-asd-diagnosis-funding-and-treatment-in-bc Sun, 03 Jan 2021 02:42:51 +0000 http://www.arbutusspeechtherapy.com/?p=1716 A practical guide for BC families covering the current four-step pathway from referral to funding, plus what you need to know about the major changes on the horizon. How do BC families access an autism diagnosis and funding? Most BC families move through four steps: getting a referral, obtaining an ASD diagnosis, applying for Autism […]

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]]> A practical guide for BC families covering the current four-step pathway from referral to funding, plus what you need to know about the major changes on the horizon.

How do BC families access an autism diagnosis and funding?

Most BC families move through four steps: getting a referral, obtaining an ASD diagnosis, applying for Autism Funding, and choosing authorized service providers. The current program is open for new applications until March 2027, though major changes to BC’s disability funding system are underway.

⚠ Important: The autism funding landscape is changing

In February 2026, the BC government announced it will phase out the existing Autism Funding program and replace it with a broader disability benefit system. The current four-step process described in this guide remains in effect, and new applications are open until March 2027 — but families should be aware that significant changes are coming. We explain both the current system and what’s proposed below.

Getting an Autism (ASD) Diagnosis & Accessing Funding in BC

This guide provides information on how to obtain a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in British Columbia through public health. An Autism diagnosis not only helps your family to better understand your child’s developmental journey, but also provides your family with access to provincial funding for vital therapeutic services and equipment using Autism Funding.  Qualifying services for Autism in BC include Speech-Language Pathology, Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy, and others.

1

Family doctor referral

Ask your GP or pediatrician for a referral to BCAAN

2

BCAAN assessment

Free diagnostic assessment at Sunny Hill Health Centre or community site

3

Apply for funding

Meet with an MCFD worker and submit your funding application

4

Find your team

Use funding to access speech therapy, OT, and other services

Step 1 – Family Doctor Referral

If you suspect your child may have Autism, the first step is to speak to your family doctor. A physician’s referral is required to receive an appointment for a diagnostic assessment for Autism Spectrum Disorder in BC. Your doctor will either refer you to a qualified professional (such as a pediatrician or psychiatrist) or directly refer your child for an assessment at the BC Autism Assessment Network (BCAAN) at Sunny Hill Health Centre. BCAAN will then contact families with an appointment time.

Current wait times: As of 2024, average wait times for a BCAAN assessment in Vancouver were approximately 73 weeks (roughly 18 months). Wait times vary by region. If the wait is a concern, ask your doctor about private assessment options — see the FAQ below.

In order to best prepare for your initial visit to your family doctor, you should first learn the steps involved to receiving a diagnosis of Autism in BC. If you’re reading this article, you’re off to a great start!

Here are some other ways you can prepare for your initial family doctor visit:

  • Begin by asking your doctor for a referral to BCAAN for an assessment of Autism for your child
  • Let your doctor know your specific concerns and observations and why you believe your child has Autism (it can be helpful to bring a list)
  • Bring any letters or reports from professionals who have worked with your child (Speech-Language Pathologist, preschool teacher, etc.)

Don’t have a family doctor?

Visit the BC College of Family Physicians website or call HealthLink BC at 8-1-1. 

What if my doctor wants to “wait and see”?

Given that wait lists already span over a year, and that early intervention is critical, it is your right to push for a referral. If a professional who works with your child (such as an SLP or preschool teacher) has raised concerns, ask them for a written letter you can bring to your appointment.

More information about BCAAN can be found here.

Step 2 – Your child’s BCAAN Assessment

The BCAAN diagnostic assessment The BCAAN assessment is conducted at Sunny Hill Health Centre (part of BC Children’s Hospital) or at community-based health units. It is free of charge for those with a valid BC Services Card. The appointment typically takes around three hours and has two parts: a detailed parent or caregiver interview, and an interactive observation session with your child. Some portions may be completed by phone or video call.

The BCAAN team may require additional testing to make their final diagnosis. This may include speech-language pathologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and/or medical evaluations. If this is the case, these appointments will be booked for you at community-based public health units. However, it is possible that no further assessment is required and the results of your child’s assessment will be discussed with you at the end of the appointment.


As of 2018, the estimated prevalence of Autism in Canadian children was 1 in 66; 1 in 42 for boys and 1 in 189 for girls.

National Autism Spectrum Disorder Surveillance System Report

If your child receives an autism diagnosis, you will be given a Clinical Outcomes Form at the end of the appointment. Hold onto this as it is the key document: this is the official document you will provide to prove that your child has been diagnosed with Autism, and you will need to supply it during the application for funding. Your referring family doctor will also receive a diagnostic report in the mail.

Moving to BC with an existing diagnosis? Your family doctor can refer you to a specialist to confirm it. That specialist completes a Confirmation of Previous Diagnosis Form, which you’ll use in Step 3. 

Step 3 – Accessing Autism Funding through the BC Ministry of Child and Family Services

Families with children who are diagnosed with Autism in the province of BC are eligible to access funding for eligible therapeutic services and equipment using their Autism Funding.

In order to apply for funding, you first need to contact the Ministry of Children and Family Development (MCFD) to schedule an appointment with a children and youth with special needs worker. He or she will request that you bring the following documents to the appointment:

  • Proof of child’s age
  • Your child’s BC Services Card
  • Application for Autism Funding Form
  • Clinical Outcomes Form (given to you following the assessment at BCAAN)

After the meeting, your Autism Funding Agreement will arrive by mail within 2–4 weeks. Sign and return both copies to the Autism Funding Branch. Once received, you’ll get a “Welcome to Autism Funding” letter confirming your annual amount. You can manage your child’s funding online — check balances, submit documents, and set up provider payments — through the My Family Services portal. 

Current funding amounts (as of 2025)

Child’s age Annual funding amount Key note
Under 6 Up to $22,000/year Must use Registered Autism Service Providers (RASP)
6 to 18 Up to $6,000/year Providers do not need to be on RASP

Step 4 – Finding your child’s therapy team

Once you have secured funding, it is up to you to seek out service providers including Speech-Language Pathologists, Occupational Therapists, Physical Therapists, and others. A number of resources are listed below to help you find service providers.

It is important to know that for children aged 0-6, Autism funding can only be used for services provided by professionals listed on the Registered Autism Service Providers (RASP). For children 6 and up, service providers do not need to be on the RASP.

The RASP is a managed list of qualified service providers who work with children under the age of 6 diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The professionals on this list meet specific standards and qualifications set by the Ministry of Children and Family Development in BC. These service providers range from Behavior Consultants (who design and monitor intervention plans) to Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs), who play a crucial role in helping young children with autism develop effective communication skills.

Eligible services include: 

  • Speech-Language Pathology (SLP)
  • Occupational Therapy (OT)
  • Physical Therapy (PT)
  • Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) and behaviour consultation
  • Eligible equipment and assistive technology
  • Parent training programs

Once you have found a service provider, you will need to fill out a Request-to-Pay form and submit this to the Ministry via the online portal or email. Once approved, service providers submit their invoices directly to the Autism Funding Branch and pay the service provider directly. RTP forms expire in the month of your child’s birthday, so it’s important to remember to resubmit every year.

What’s Changing?

The 2026–2027 funding transition

In February 2026, the BC government announced a major overhaul of how children with disabilities — including autism — receive provincial support. The changes are significant and have generated considerable debate.

We will be covering the changes in more detail in an article to follow.

What this means for your family right now 

If you’re currently receiving Autism Funding: Your funding continues as-is. A ministry worker will contact you before any changes are made to your individual supports. Some families begin transitioning in July 2026.

If you’re in the process of getting a diagnosis: The four-step process in this guide still applies. Apply for Autism Funding as soon as your child is diagnosed — you have until March 2027.

Apply for the Canada Disability Tax Credit now: This is a gateway to multiple other supports. Processing takes 10–15 weeks, so apply early through the CRA.

Explore community-based services: The government is expanding free services that will be available without a diagnosis. Ask your local CYSN office what’s currently available in your area. 

Early Signs of Autism To Look Out For 

The earlier autism is identified, the sooner your family can access support. Here are common signs organized by area of development:

Social interaction

  • · Limited or absent eye contact
  • · Not smiling or sharing joy by 6 months
  • · Doesn’t respond to their name
  • · Difficulty reading non-verbal cues
  • · Struggles to form age-appropriate friendships

Communication

  • · No babbling by 12 months
  • · Not pointing or waving by 12 months
  • · Limited back-and-forth sounds by 9 months
  • · Unusual voice rhythm or monotone quality
  • · Non-verbal or responds out of context

Behaviour & interests

  • · Repetitive movements (rocking, hand-flapping)
  • · Strong attachment to routines; distress with changes
  • · Very intense, narrow interests
  • · High sensitivity to sensory input
  • · Repetitive play with objects

For children aged 16–30 months, the M-CHAT-R/F (Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers – Revised) is a free, validated screening tool you can complete as a parent. 

Arbutus Speech Therapy provides speech therapy services to children with autism. If you are based in BC and would like to discuss your child with a Registered Speech-Language Pathologist, you can book a free phone consultation. We look forward to speaking with you!

Frequently Asked Questions

Useful Resources to find Service Providers

To learn more about the topics in this article, please refer to the following websites/references:

  • Disclaimer: While we endeavor to provide accurate and timely information, please verify with the relevant organizations and check the websites above to find the most up-to-date information.

Have questions about autism funding or speech therapy services?

Arbutus Speech Therapy are Registered Autism Service Providers (RASP). Book a free phone consultation to discuss how we can support your family.

Book a free phone consultation

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